Women Health and Reproductive Medicine

Obesity harms the fertility by disturbing the normal ovulation.  It takes longer time for women of higher BMI to become pregnant.  Chances of IVF success are also quite low.  Obesity also affects the baby and has a higher risk of fetal microsomal and childhood obesity.

Nursing should Students are selected and trained for treating female patients and their babies.  This includes both prenatal care and postnatal care.  They are specially trained in gender specific aliments like uterine fibroids, endometriosis, cervical cancer, rett syndrome, vaginitis and pre-term labour.

Sexually Transmitted Diseases are transmitted generally through sexual contact.  These are caused by bacteria (gonorrhoea, syphilis, chlamydia), Parasites (trichomoniasis), Viruses (human papillomavirus, genital herpes, HIV) .  General term preferred by doctors is sexually transmitted infections than that of sexually transmitted diseases. Some of these can be treated with proper treatment while some of these can be life threating like HIV.

Chances of women suffering with cancer are high than compared to men. One of the causes of cervical cancer is multiple full term pregnancies. Uterine cancer the symptoms in this case would be much similar to pregnancy treated by complete removal of the tumour.  While in men the common cancer seen are testicular cancer, prostate cancer.  All these effect the reproductive ability sometimes may turn infertile

In-Vitro Fertilization is process in which the active egg from the parent is collected by stimulating ovulation or from egg donor, active sperm is collected and the fertilization is done externally.  The fertilized egg is then implanted into the uterus of the parent.  Egg donor and Sperm donor can be used in this case where the male is infertile or has very low sperm count or in the case where the female is unable to produce egg.  The cost involved is very high.

Artificial Insemination is a process of deliberately injecting semen into the vagina.  The Semen is collected from the partner of from the sperm bank which is generally frozen.  This is allowed to liquefy and then inserted in to vagina using a syringe.  This technique is used to achieve pregnancy in case of hetero sexual couples whose body rejects the sperms as foreign bodies of the partner, or condition like endometriosis or thickening of the cervix.

Assisted Reproductive treatment is also termed as Reproductive medicine.  Assisted Reproductive treatment refers to treatment during infertility or when the uterus is unable to bear the child or in conditions like PCODS, or due to auto immune disease.  These refer to bearing pregnancy when the success rate is quite less in case of natural pregnancies

Urogenital disorders affect the urinary system as well as reproductive system.  These decrease the fertility in both men and women.  Few are confined to women few are confined to men while few are common in both.

Reproductive Health refers to physical, mental and social well-being. It refers to diseases, developmental disorders, reduced fertility, preterm delivery, low weight birth, reduced fertility, impotency, menstrual problems which affect the chances of fertility.  The exposure to pollution also has been found out as a leading cause of infertility.  There are various factors contributing to ill-reproductive health which include stress, emotional imbalances, obesity. In majority of the cases people affected due to improper care are women due to female genital mutilation, teenage births, sexually transmitted diseases, improper sanitation facilities, multiple births

Contraception is generally called as birth control.  Contraception is quite important to avoid unwanted pregnancies, multiple pregnancies which affect the health of the women.  There are many contraceptive methods which are used currently but it is highly recommended to be under medical supervision.

Menopause is considered as a natural condition which shows up as the women age.  A woman is born with finite number if eggs whose release is controlled by estrogen and progesterone.  As the woman ages the ovaries stops releasing eggs.  This condition is termed as menopause where the female hormones are produced quite less amount.  However there are few conditions where the menopause starts early because of premature ovarian failure and due to surgical removal of uterus

Abortion is the term used for surgical removal of the embryo from the uterus before it can survive on its own. Medication abortion includes use of abortion pill usually within first 10 weeks of pregnancy. Surgical abortion includes the surgical removal of foetus from the uterus.  Miscarriage is the spontaneous death of the foetus in the uterus.  There are multiple reason for the miscarriage to occur. Most miscarriages occur as a result of chromosomal problems that infer with the development of the foetus. Multiple abortions usually can result in the loss of fertility. Miscarriages generally occur during the first trimester where the chances of risk are higher.  Repeated miscarriages need careful medical attention

Pregnancy also often termed as gestation.  It is typically around 40 weeks from the date of last menstrual period in case of humans.  Pregnancy occurs by sexual intercourse or through assisted reproductive technology. Broadly it is classified into three trimesters.  First Trimester include fertilization of sperm and ova forming a zygote which later reaches uterus for implantation and further growth.  There are high chances of miscarriage during this stage due various issues like week uterus lining, improper knowledge of pregnancy, and improper implantation of zygote to uterus cell wall. Second trimester is from 13to 28 where the rapid development of foetus with the development of vital organs.  Third trimester where the movement of the foetus changes head down in order to facilitate the birth.

Preconception refers to reproductive health of men and women during their reproductive years. It provides knowledge on the conditions and risk factors which can affect pregnancy.  It includes the food habits, medication and the life style which can cause difficulty in conception.  Also it helps in avoiding unplanned pregnancies which are at the greater risk of pre-term birth and low birth weight babies.

Gynaecology is the branch of medicine which deals with female reproductive health, reproductive system and breasts.  Gynaecology deals with the abnormalities related to uterus, fallopian tubes, cervix, ovaries and vagina.  This branch also deals with urinary tract problems as they are closely related to female reproductive organs.  Obstetrics is the branch of medicine concerned to prenatal care, pregnancy, labour. Generally gynaecology and obstetrics go hand in hand and are very closely related.

Reproductive endocrinology is the branch of science that deals with infertility and hormone related problems in both men and women.  This deals with various endocrine disorders related to male and female reproductive system